Recent advances in deep learning (dl) have led to the release of several dl software libraries such as pytorch, Caffe, and TensorFlow, in order to assist machine learning (ml) practitioners in developing and deploying state-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNN), but they are not able to properly cope with limitations in the dl libraries such as testing or data processing. In this paper, we present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the most frequent dl libraries combination, the distribution of dl library dependencies across the ml workflow, and formulate a set of recommendations to (i) hardware builders for more optimized accelerators and (ii) library builder for more refined future releases. Our study is based on 1,484 open-source dl projects with 46,110 contributors selected based on their reputation. First, we found an increasing trend in the usage of deep learning libraries. Second, we highlight several usage patterns of deep learning libraries. In addition, we identify dependencies between dl libraries and the most frequent combination where we discover that pytorch and Scikit-learn and, Keras and TensorFlow are the most frequent combination in 18% and 14% of the projects. The developer uses two or three dl libraries in the same projects and tends to use different multiple dl libraries in both the same function and the same files. The developer shows patterns in using various deep-learning libraries and prefers simple functions with fewer arguments and straightforward goals. Finally, we present the implications of our findings for researchers, library maintainers, and hardware vendors.

Recent advances in upper limb prostheses have led to significant improvements in the number of movements provided by the robotic limb. However, the method for controlling multiple degrees of freedom via user-generated signals remains challenging. To address this issue, various machine learning controllers have been developed to better predict movement intent. As these controllers become more intelligent and take on more autonomy in the system, the traditional approach of representing the human-machine interface as a human controlling a tool becomes limiting. One possible approach to improve the understanding of these interfaces is to model them as collaborative, multi-agent systems through the lens of joint action. The field of joint action has been commonly applied to two human partners who are trying to work jointly together to achieve a task, such as singing or moving a table together, by effecting coordinated change in their shared environment. In this work, we compare different prosthesis controllers (proportional electromyography with sequential switching, pattern recognition, and adaptive switching) in terms of how they present the hallmarks of joint action. The results of the comparison lead to a new perspective for understanding how existing myoelectric systems relate to each other, along with recommendations for how to improve these systems by increasing the collaborative communication between each partner.

A "heart attack" or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when an artery supplying blood to the heart is abruptly occluded. The "gold standard" method for imaging MI is Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), with intravenously administered gadolinium-based contrast (late gadolinium enhancement). However, no "gold standard" fully automated method for the quantification of MI exists. In this work, we propose an end-to-end fully automatic system (MyI-Net) for the detection and quantification of MI in MRI images. This has the potential to reduce the uncertainty due to the technical variability across labs and inherent problems of the data and labels. Our system consists of four processing stages designed to maintain the flow of information across scales. First, features from raw MRI images are generated using feature extractors built on ResNet and MoblieNet architectures. This is followed by the Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) to produce spatial information at different scales to preserve more image context. High-level features from ASPP and initial low-level features are concatenated at the third stage and then passed to the fourth stage where spatial information is recovered via up-sampling to produce final image segmentation output into: i) background, ii) heart muscle, iii) blood and iv) scar areas. New models were compared with state-of-art models and manual quantification. Our models showed favorable performance in global segmentation and scar tissue detection relative to state-of-the-art work, including a four-fold better performance in matching scar pixels to contours produced by clinicians.

Increasing popularity of deep-learning-powered applications raises the issue of vulnerability of neural networks to adversarial attacks. In other words, hardly perceptible changes in input data lead to the output error in neural network hindering their utilization in applications that involve decisions with security risks. A number of previous works have already thoroughly evaluated the most commonly used configuration - Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) against different types of adversarial attacks. Moreover, recent works demonstrated transferability of the some adversarial examples across different neural network models. This paper studied robustness of the new emerging models such as SpinalNet-based neural networks and Compact Convolutional Transformers (CCT) on image classification problem of CIFAR-10 dataset. Each architecture was tested against four White-box attacks and three Black-box attacks. Unlike VGG and SpinalNet models, attention-based CCT configuration demonstrated large span between strong robustness and vulnerability to adversarial examples. Eventually, the study of transferability between VGG, VGG-inspired SpinalNet and pretrained CCT 7/3x1 models was conducted. It was shown that despite high effectiveness of the attack on the certain individual model, this does not guarantee the transferability to other models.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

从不同扫描仪/部位的有丝分裂数字的检测仍然是研究的重要主题，这是由于其潜力协助临床医生进行肿瘤分级。有丝分裂结构域的概括（MIDOG）2022挑战旨在测试从多种扫描仪和该任务的多种扫描仪和组织类型中看不见数据的检测模型的鲁棒性。我们提供了TIA中心团队采用的方法来应对这一挑战的简短摘要。我们的方法基于混合检测模型，在该模型中，在该模型中进行了有丝分裂候选者，然后被深度学习分类器精炼。在训练图像上的交叉验证在初步测试集上达到了0.816和0.784的F1得分，这证明了我们模型可以从新扫描仪中看不见的数据的普遍性。

追踪和处理当代时代的对象的要求逐渐增加，因为许多应用程序迅速需要精确的移动对象位置。地图匹配方法被用作预处理技术，该技术与相应道路上的移动对象点匹配。但是，大多数GPS轨迹数据集都包含静置的不规则性，这使得匹配算法不匹配轨迹与无关紧要的街道。因此，确定GPS轨迹数据集中的停留点区域会导致更好的准确匹配和更快的方法。在这项工作中，我们将停留点集中在带有DBSCAN的轨迹数据集中，并消除冗余数据，以通过降低处理时间来提高MAP匹配算法的效率。与基于模糊逻辑的地图匹配算法相比，我们认为我们提出的方法的性能和精确性。幸运的是，我们的方法可产生27.39％的数据尺寸减少和8.9％的处理时间缩短，其准确结果与以前的基于模糊的MAP匹配方法相同。

肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TIL）的定量已被证明是乳腺癌患者预后的独立预测因子。通常，病理学家对含有tils的基质区域的比例进行估计，以获得TILS评分。乳腺癌（Tiger）挑战中肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞旨在评估计算机生成的TILS评分的预后意义，以预测作为COX比例风险模型的一部分的存活率。在这一挑战中，作为Tiager团队，我们已经开发了一种算法，以将肿瘤与基质与基质进行第一部分，然后将肿瘤散装区域用于TILS检测。最后，我们使用这些输出来生成每种情况的TILS分数。在初步测试中，我们的方法达到了肿瘤 - 细胞瘤的加权骰子评分为0.791，而淋巴细胞检测的FROC得分为0.572。为了预测生存，我们的模型达到了0.719的C索引。这些结果在老虎挑战的初步测试排行榜中获得了第一名。

超光谱成像已成为光学成像系统领域的最新趋势。在其他各种应用中，超光谱成像已被广泛用于分析印刷和手写文档。本文提出了一种有效的技术，用于估计超光谱文档图像中存在的不同但明显相似的油墨的数量。我们的方法基于无监督的学习，不需要数据集的任何先验知识。该算法在IVISION HHID数据集上进行了测试，并与文献中存在的算法状态达到了可比的结果。在超光谱文档图像中，在伪造检测的早期阶段使用时，这项工作可能是有效的。